Interim Demographic and Health Survey 2007-2008
Rwanda, 2007 - 2008
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WBG_RWA_2007_IDHS_v01_M
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National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (NISR)
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Identification
Survey ID Number
WBG_RWA_2007_IDHS_v01_M
Title
Interim Demographic and Health Survey 2007-2008
Translated Title
Enquête Intermédiaire sur les indicateurs Démographiques et de Santé 2007-2008
Country
| Name | Country code |
|---|---|
| Rwanda | RWA |
Study type
Demographic and Health Survey, Interim [hh/dhs-int]
Series Information
The 2007-08 Rwanda Interim Demographic and Health Survey (RIDHS) is the first of its kind, following three surveys conducted in 1992, 2000 and 2005. The RIDHS is part of the international Demographic and Health Surveys program. Sponsored by the Ministry of Health with collaboration with the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning, it was carried out by the National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda with the technical assistance of ICF Macro. Financial support for the survey was provided by the Government of Rwanda through the Ministry of Health and Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID/Rwanda), and the Basket Funds of NISR (DFID, EC, and UNDP). The survey covered a representative sample of women between the ages of 15 and 49 and men between the ages of 15 and 59.
Abstract
Rwanda Interim Demographic and Health Survey (RIDHS) follows the Demographic and Health Surveys (RDHS) that were successfully conducted in 1992, 2000, and 2005, and is part of a broad, worldwide program of socio-demographic and health surveys conducted in developing countries since the mid-1980s. RIDHS collected the indicators on fertility, family planning and maternal and child health which the survey normally provides. In addition, RIDHS integrated a malaria module and tests for the prevalence of malaria and anemia among women and children, thus determining the prevalence of malaria and anemia for women and children at the national level.
The main objectives of the RIDHS were:
• At the national level, gather data to determine demographic rates, particularly fertility and infant and child mortality rates, and analyze the direct and indirect factors that determine fertility and child mortality rates and trends.
• Evaluate the level of knowledge and use of contraceptives among women and men.
• Gather data concerning family health: vaccinations; prevalence and treatment of diarrhea, acute respiratory infections (ARI), and fever in children under the age of five; antenatal care visits; and assistance during childbirth.
• Gather data concerning the prevention and treatment of malaria, particularly the possession and use of mosquito nets, and the prevention of malaria in pregnant women.
• Gather data concerning child feeding practices, including breastfeeding.
• Gather data concerning circumcision among men between the ages of 15 and 59.
• Collect blood samples in all of the households surveyed for anemia testing of women age 15-49, pregnant women and children under age five.
• Collect blood samples in all of the households surveyed for hemoglobin and malaria diagnostic testing of women age 15 to 49, pregnant women and children under age five.
The main objectives of the RIDHS were:
• At the national level, gather data to determine demographic rates, particularly fertility and infant and child mortality rates, and analyze the direct and indirect factors that determine fertility and child mortality rates and trends.
• Evaluate the level of knowledge and use of contraceptives among women and men.
• Gather data concerning family health: vaccinations; prevalence and treatment of diarrhea, acute respiratory infections (ARI), and fever in children under the age of five; antenatal care visits; and assistance during childbirth.
• Gather data concerning the prevention and treatment of malaria, particularly the possession and use of mosquito nets, and the prevention of malaria in pregnant women.
• Gather data concerning child feeding practices, including breastfeeding.
• Gather data concerning circumcision among men between the ages of 15 and 59.
• Collect blood samples in all of the households surveyed for anemia testing of women age 15-49, pregnant women and children under age five.
• Collect blood samples in all of the households surveyed for hemoglobin and malaria diagnostic testing of women age 15 to 49, pregnant women and children under age five.
Kind of Data
Sample survey data [ssd]
Unit of Analysis
Household
Individual
Woman age 15-49
Man age 15-59
Individual
Woman age 15-49
Man age 15-59
Version
Version Description
v01: Final dataset anonymized for public distribution.
Version Date
2009-04
Scope
Notes
The scope of the Rwanda Interim Demographic and Health Survey (RIDHS) has the following items:
- HOUSEHOLD: this questionnaire was used to list usual members and visitors in selected households.In addition ,some basic information was collected on the characteristics of each person listed such as sex, age, education and relationship to the head of household.The main objective of the household questionnaire was to identify women and men who were eligible for individual interview.
- WOMEN: Women's questionnaire was used to collect information on women of productive age ( 15-49 years) and this includes: background characteristics, marital status,birth history,knowledge and use of family planning methods,fertility preferences,antenatal and deliver care,breastfeeding practices,vaccinations and childhood illness.
- MEN: The Men’s Questionnaire was administered to all men age 15-59 years living in the selected households. The Men’s Questionnaire collected information similar to that of the Women’s Questionnaire, with the only difference being that it did not include birth history or questions on maternal and child health or nutrition. In addition, the Men’s Questionnaire also collected information on circumcision.
- HOUSEHOLD: this questionnaire was used to list usual members and visitors in selected households.In addition ,some basic information was collected on the characteristics of each person listed such as sex, age, education and relationship to the head of household.The main objective of the household questionnaire was to identify women and men who were eligible for individual interview.
- WOMEN: Women's questionnaire was used to collect information on women of productive age ( 15-49 years) and this includes: background characteristics, marital status,birth history,knowledge and use of family planning methods,fertility preferences,antenatal and deliver care,breastfeeding practices,vaccinations and childhood illness.
- MEN: The Men’s Questionnaire was administered to all men age 15-59 years living in the selected households. The Men’s Questionnaire collected information similar to that of the Women’s Questionnaire, with the only difference being that it did not include birth history or questions on maternal and child health or nutrition. In addition, the Men’s Questionnaire also collected information on circumcision.
Topics
| Topic | Vocabulary |
|---|---|
| Health | World Bank |
| Education | World Bank |
| Poverty | World Bank |
Keywords
| Keyword |
|---|
| Demographics |
| Population |
| Health |
Coverage
Geographic Coverage
National coverage
Geographic Unit
Lowest level of geographic aggregation covered by the data.
Producers and sponsors
Primary investigators
| Name | Affiliation |
|---|---|
| National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (NISR) | Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning |
Producers
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Ministry of Health | Government of Rwanda | Implimenting agency of health related issues |
| Ministry of Local Government | Government of Rwanda | In charge of Local authorities from District level to Villages |
| ICF Macro | MEASURE DHS | Technical support |
Funding Agency/Sponsor
| Name | Abbreviation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| United States Agency for International Development | USAID/RWANDA | Financial support |
| Global Fund to fight AIDS,Tuberculosis and Malaria | GFTAM | Financial support |
| Department for International Development of United Kingdom | DFID | Financial support |
| United Nations Development Program | UNDP | Financial support |
Sampling
Sampling Procedure
The sample for the RIDHS is a two-stage stratified area sample. Clusters are the primary sampling units and are constituted from enumeration areas (EA). The EA were defined in the 2002 General Population and Housing Census (RGPH) (SNR, 2005).
These enumeration areas provided the master frame for the drawing of 250 clusters (187 rural and 63 urban), selected with a representative probability proportional to their size. Only 249 of these clusters were surveyed, because one cluster located in a refugee camp had to be eliminated from the sample. A strictly proportional sample allocation would have resulted in a very low number of urban households in certain provinces. It was therefore necessary to slightly oversample urban areas in order to survey a sufficient number of households to produce reliable estimates for urban areas. The second stage involved selecting a sample of households in these enumeration areas. In order to adequately guarantee the accuracy of the indicators, the total number drawn was limited to 30 households per cluster. Because of the nonproportional distribution of the sample among the different strata and the fact that the number of households was set for each cluster, weighting was used to ensure the validity of the sample at both national and provincial levels.
All women age 15-49 years who were either usual residents of the selected household or visitors present in the household on the night before the survey were eligible to be interviewed (7,528 women). In addition, a sample of men age 15-59 who were either usual residents of the selected household or visitors present in the household on the night before the survey were eligible for the survey (7,168 men). Finally, all women age 15-49 and all children under the age of five were eligible for the anemia and malaria diagnostic tests.
The sample for the 2007-08 RIDHS covered the population residing in ordinary households across the country. A national sample of 7,469 households (1,863 in urban areas and 5,606 in rural areas) was selected. The sample was first stratified to provide adequate representation from urban and rural areas as well as all the four provinces and the city of Kigali, the nation’s capital.
These enumeration areas provided the master frame for the drawing of 250 clusters (187 rural and 63 urban), selected with a representative probability proportional to their size. Only 249 of these clusters were surveyed, because one cluster located in a refugee camp had to be eliminated from the sample. A strictly proportional sample allocation would have resulted in a very low number of urban households in certain provinces. It was therefore necessary to slightly oversample urban areas in order to survey a sufficient number of households to produce reliable estimates for urban areas. The second stage involved selecting a sample of households in these enumeration areas. In order to adequately guarantee the accuracy of the indicators, the total number drawn was limited to 30 households per cluster. Because of the nonproportional distribution of the sample among the different strata and the fact that the number of households was set for each cluster, weighting was used to ensure the validity of the sample at both national and provincial levels.
All women age 15-49 years who were either usual residents of the selected household or visitors present in the household on the night before the survey were eligible to be interviewed (7,528 women). In addition, a sample of men age 15-59 who were either usual residents of the selected household or visitors present in the household on the night before the survey were eligible for the survey (7,168 men). Finally, all women age 15-49 and all children under the age of five were eligible for the anemia and malaria diagnostic tests.
The sample for the 2007-08 RIDHS covered the population residing in ordinary households across the country. A national sample of 7,469 households (1,863 in urban areas and 5,606 in rural areas) was selected. The sample was first stratified to provide adequate representation from urban and rural areas as well as all the four provinces and the city of Kigali, the nation’s capital.
Deviations from the Sample Design
One cluster located in a refugee camp had to be eliminated from the sample.
Response Rate
The response rate was high for both men (95.4 percent) and women (97.5 percent).
Weighting
Weighting was used to ensure the validity of the sample at both national and provincial levels.
Data Collection
Dates of Data Collection
| Start | End | Cycle |
|---|---|---|
| 2007-12 | 2008-04 | 4 months |
Data Collection Mode
Face-to-face [f2f]
Data Collection Notes
Training and Data Collection
Staff responsible for the survey at the National Institute of Statistics, in collaboration with the technical team, recruited 70 people to participate in data collection. Training included two phases, theoretical and practical. Three weeks of training were provided, from November 20 to December 11, 2007, including three days of field practicum in urban and rural areas not selected for the survey.
After the training, the field staff were divided into 13 teams, each with a team leader, a supervisor, and three interviewers. A laboratory technician from the National Malaria Control Program was included on each team for the anemia and malaria diagnostic tests. The laboratory technicians were medically qualified to take blood samples and conduct the anemia and malaria test under the supervision of the PNILP technical team with assistance from ICF Macro.
Data collection began on December 15, 2007 in the area of the city of Kigali. This location made it possible to closely monitor the teams before they were dispatched to more distant areas. After two weeks, all teams except one that was needed remaining to complete the work in Kigali were deployed to their respective work zones. Data collection was completed on April 20, 2008.
Staff responsible for the survey at the National Institute of Statistics, in collaboration with the technical team, recruited 70 people to participate in data collection. Training included two phases, theoretical and practical. Three weeks of training were provided, from November 20 to December 11, 2007, including three days of field practicum in urban and rural areas not selected for the survey.
After the training, the field staff were divided into 13 teams, each with a team leader, a supervisor, and three interviewers. A laboratory technician from the National Malaria Control Program was included on each team for the anemia and malaria diagnostic tests. The laboratory technicians were medically qualified to take blood samples and conduct the anemia and malaria test under the supervision of the PNILP technical team with assistance from ICF Macro.
Data collection began on December 15, 2007 in the area of the city of Kigali. This location made it possible to closely monitor the teams before they were dispatched to more distant areas. After two weeks, all teams except one that was needed remaining to complete the work in Kigali were deployed to their respective work zones. Data collection was completed on April 20, 2008.
Data Collectors
| Name | Abbreviation | Affiliation |
|---|---|---|
| National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda | NISR | Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning |
Questionnaires
Questionnaires
Three questionnaires were used in the 2007-08 RIDHS: the Household Questionnaire, the Women’s Questionnaire, and the Men’s Questionnaire. The content of these questionnaires was based on model questionnaires developed by the MEASURE DHS project.
Initial technical meetings that were held beginning in September 2007 allowed a wide range of government agencies as well as local and international organizations to contribute to the development of the questionnaires. Based on these discussions, the DHS model questionnaires were modified to reflect the needs of users and relevant issues in population, family planning, anemia, malaria and other health concerns in Rwanda. The questionnaires were then translated from French into Kinyarwanda. These questionnaires were finalized in December 2007 before the training of male and female interviewers.
The Household Questionnaire was used to list all of the usual members and visitors in the selected households. In addition, some basic information was collected on the characteristics of each person listed, including age, sex, education, and relationship to the head of the household. The main purpose of the Household Questionnaire was to identify women and men who were eligible for the individual interview. The Household Questionnaire also collected information on characteristics of the household’s dwelling unit such as the main source of drinking water, type of toilet facilities, materials used for the floor of the house, the main energy source used for cooking and ownership of various durable goods. Finally, the Household Questionnaire was also used to identify women and children eligible for the hemoglobin (anemia) and malaria diagnostic tests.
The Women’s Questionnaire was used to collect information on women of reproductive age (15-49 years) and covered questions on the following topics:
• Background characteristics
• Marital status
• Birth history
• Knowledge and use of family planning methods
• Fertility preferences
• Antenatal and delivery care
• Breastfeeding practices
• Vaccinations and childhood illnesses
The Men’s Questionnaire was administered to all men age 15-59 years living in the selected households. The Men’s Questionnaire collected information similar to that of the Women’s Questionnaire, with the only difference being that it did not include birth history or questions on maternal and child health or nutrition. In addition, the Men’s Questionnaire also collected information on circumcision.
Initial technical meetings that were held beginning in September 2007 allowed a wide range of government agencies as well as local and international organizations to contribute to the development of the questionnaires. Based on these discussions, the DHS model questionnaires were modified to reflect the needs of users and relevant issues in population, family planning, anemia, malaria and other health concerns in Rwanda. The questionnaires were then translated from French into Kinyarwanda. These questionnaires were finalized in December 2007 before the training of male and female interviewers.
The Household Questionnaire was used to list all of the usual members and visitors in the selected households. In addition, some basic information was collected on the characteristics of each person listed, including age, sex, education, and relationship to the head of the household. The main purpose of the Household Questionnaire was to identify women and men who were eligible for the individual interview. The Household Questionnaire also collected information on characteristics of the household’s dwelling unit such as the main source of drinking water, type of toilet facilities, materials used for the floor of the house, the main energy source used for cooking and ownership of various durable goods. Finally, the Household Questionnaire was also used to identify women and children eligible for the hemoglobin (anemia) and malaria diagnostic tests.
The Women’s Questionnaire was used to collect information on women of reproductive age (15-49 years) and covered questions on the following topics:
• Background characteristics
• Marital status
• Birth history
• Knowledge and use of family planning methods
• Fertility preferences
• Antenatal and delivery care
• Breastfeeding practices
• Vaccinations and childhood illnesses
The Men’s Questionnaire was administered to all men age 15-59 years living in the selected households. The Men’s Questionnaire collected information similar to that of the Women’s Questionnaire, with the only difference being that it did not include birth history or questions on maternal and child health or nutrition. In addition, the Men’s Questionnaire also collected information on circumcision.
Data Processing
Data Editing
Data entry began on January 7, 2008, three weeks after the beginning of data collection activities in the field. Data were entered by a team of five data processing personnel recruited and trained by staff from ICF Macro. The data entry team was reinforced during this work with an additional staffer. Completed questionnaires were periodically brought in from the field to the National Institute of Statistics in Kigali, where assigned staff checked them and coded the open-ended questions. Next, the questionnaires were sent to the data entry staff. Data were entered using CSPro, a program developed jointly by the United States Census Bureau, the ICF Macro MEASURE DHS program, and Serpro S.A. All questionnaires were entered twice to eliminate as many data entry errors as possible from the files. In addition, a quality control program was used to detect data collection errors for each team. This information was shared with field teams during supervisory visits to improve data quality. The data entry and internal consistency verification phase of the survey was completed on May 14, 2008.
Data Appraisal
Estimates of Sampling Error
The estimates from a sample survey are affected by two types of errors: (1) nonsampling errors, and (2) sampling errors. Nonsampling errors are the results of mistakes made in implementing data collection and data processing, such as failure to locate and interview the correct household, misunderstanding of the questions on the part of either the interviewer or the respondent, and data entry errors. Although numerous efforts were made during the implementation of the 2007-08 RIDHS to minimize this type of error, nonsampling errors are impossible to avoid and difficult to evaluate statistically.
Sampling errors, on the other hand, can be evaluated statistically. The sample of respondents selected in the 2007-08 RIDHS is only one of many samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and expected size. Each of these samples would yield results that differ somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability between all possible samples. Although the degree of variability is not known exactly, it can be estimated from the survey results.
A sampling error is usually measured in terms of the standard error for a particular statistic (mean, percentage, etc.), which is the square root of the variance. The standard error can be used to calculate confidence intervals within which the true value for the population can reasonably be assumed to fall. For example, for any given statistic calculated from a sample survey, the value of that statistic will fall within a range of plus or minus two times the standard error of that statistic in 95 percent of all possible samples of identical size and design.
If the sample of respondents had been selected as a simple random sample, it would have been possible to use straightforward formulas for calculating sampling errors. However, the 2007-08 RIDHS sample is the result of a multistage stratified design, and, consequently, it was necessary to use more complex formula. The computer software used to calculate sampling errors for the 2007-08 RIDHS is a macro SAS procedure. This procedure used the Taylor linearization method of variance estimation for survey estimates that are means or proportions. The Jackknife repeated replication method is used for variance estimation of more complex statistics such as fertility and mortality rates.
The Taylor linearization method treats any percentage or average as a ratio estimate, r = y/x, where y represents the total sample value for variable y, and x represents the total number of cases in the group or subgroup under consideration.
Refer to Appendix B in the final report for details of estimates of sampling errors.
Sampling errors, on the other hand, can be evaluated statistically. The sample of respondents selected in the 2007-08 RIDHS is only one of many samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and expected size. Each of these samples would yield results that differ somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability between all possible samples. Although the degree of variability is not known exactly, it can be estimated from the survey results.
A sampling error is usually measured in terms of the standard error for a particular statistic (mean, percentage, etc.), which is the square root of the variance. The standard error can be used to calculate confidence intervals within which the true value for the population can reasonably be assumed to fall. For example, for any given statistic calculated from a sample survey, the value of that statistic will fall within a range of plus or minus two times the standard error of that statistic in 95 percent of all possible samples of identical size and design.
If the sample of respondents had been selected as a simple random sample, it would have been possible to use straightforward formulas for calculating sampling errors. However, the 2007-08 RIDHS sample is the result of a multistage stratified design, and, consequently, it was necessary to use more complex formula. The computer software used to calculate sampling errors for the 2007-08 RIDHS is a macro SAS procedure. This procedure used the Taylor linearization method of variance estimation for survey estimates that are means or proportions. The Jackknife repeated replication method is used for variance estimation of more complex statistics such as fertility and mortality rates.
The Taylor linearization method treats any percentage or average as a ratio estimate, r = y/x, where y represents the total sample value for variable y, and x represents the total number of cases in the group or subgroup under consideration.
Refer to Appendix B in the final report for details of estimates of sampling errors.
Data Appraisal
The following data quality tables are produced:
- Age distribution of household population
- Age distribution of eligible and interviewed women
- Age distribution of eligible and interviewed men
- Completeness of reporting
- Births by calendar years
- Reporting of age at death in days
- Reporting of age at death in months
See the tables in Appendix C of the final report.
- Age distribution of household population
- Age distribution of eligible and interviewed women
- Age distribution of eligible and interviewed men
- Completeness of reporting
- Births by calendar years
- Reporting of age at death in days
- Reporting of age at death in months
See the tables in Appendix C of the final report.
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Contacts
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NISR data is free to all users but is available only to not commercial purposes. To obtain access to the data please contact the relevant person listed. All publications from the use of the data must include in acknowledgement to the survey and NISR.
Citation requirements
"National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda, Rwanda Interim Demographic and Health Survey 2007-2008 (RIDHS 2008), v01, provided by the National Data Archive. http://microdata.statistics.gov.rw/index.php/catalog/13"
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The NISR provides these data to external users without any warranty or responsibility implied.NISR accepts no responsability and/or implication of any action resulting from the use of these data.
Metadata production
DDI Document ID
DDI_WBG_RWA_2007_IDHS_v01_M
Producers
| Name | Abbreviation | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|---|
| National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda | NISR | Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning | Documentation |
| Accelerated Data Program | ADP | International Household Survey Network | Review of the metadata |
Date of Metadata Production
2012-06-27
DDI Document version
Version 02 (October 2013). Edited version based on Version 01 (2012) DDI that was done by National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda and reviewed by Accelerated Data Program, International Household Survey Network.